Earthquakes represent one of the most destructive natural hazards affecting human societies and the built environment. Throughout history, seismic events have caused extensive damage to buildings, bridges, transportation systems, utility networks, and other critical infrastructure, resulting in significant economic losses and human casualties. With rapid urbanization and increasing population concentrations in metropolitan regions, the vulnerability of urban infrastructure to seismic hazards has become a major concern for engineers, urban planners, policymakers, and disaster management authorities worldwide. In developing countries such as India, the challenge is particularly significant. A substantial proportion of existing urban infrastructure was constructed before the implementation of modern seismic design standards and earthquake-resistant construction practices. Many buildings currently in service were designed using outdated codes or were constructed without adequate consideration of seismic forces. Consequently, these structures often possess insufficient lateral load resistance, inadequate ductility, and limited energy dissipation capacity, making them highly susceptible to earthquake-induced damage. Urban infrastructure encompasses a diverse range of structural systems, including residential buildings, commercial complexes, hospitals, educational institutions, transportation facilities, bridges, public utilities, and administrative buildings. The failure of such structures during an earthquake can have far-reaching consequences beyond physical damage alone. Structural collapse may interrupt essential services, hinder emergency response operations, disrupt economic activities, and compromise public safety. Therefore, enhancing the seismic resilience of existing infrastructure has become an essential component of sustainable urban development. Recent advances in material science have introduced innovative strengthening materials known as Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites. Among these, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) have gained considerable attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties, including high tensile strength, excellent strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, fatigue durability, and ease of installation. Unlike traditional strengthening methods, FRP systems provide substantial improvements in structural capacity while adding minimal weight to the structure. These characteristics make advanced composite materials particularly suitable for seismic retrofitting applications in densely populated urban environments.
FRP, GFRP, CFRO. RETROFITTING.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development - IJTSRD having
online ISSN 2456-6470. IJTSRD is a leading Open Access, Peer-Reviewed International
Journal which provides rapid publication of your research articles and aims to promote
the theory and practice along with knowledge sharing between researchers, developers,
engineers, students, and practitioners working in and around the world in many areas
like Sciences, Technology, Innovation, Engineering, Agriculture, Management and
many more and it is recommended by all Universities, review articles and short communications
in all subjects. IJTSRD running an International Journal who are proving quality
publication of peer reviewed and refereed international journals from diverse fields
that emphasizes new research, development and their applications. IJTSRD provides
an online access to exchange your research work, technical notes & surveying results
among professionals throughout the world in e-journals. IJTSRD is a fastest growing
and dynamic professional organization. The aim of this organization is to provide
access not only to world class research resources, but through its professionals
aim to bring in a significant transformation in the real of open access journals
and online publishing.